Over the last 17 years, the number of countries that receive a score of 0 out of 4 on the media freedom indicator has ballooned from 14 to 33.
The media freedom is coming under pressure in at least 157 countries.
New coups destabilized Burkina Faso, Tunisia, Peru, and Brazil.
Previous years’ coups and ongoing repression continued to diminish basic liberties in Guinea, Turkey, Myanmar, and Thailand.
"A wide definition of democracy is that it is a political system in which those who rule have been obliged to seek consent from those they govern through some sort of council or assembly."
But political rulers try to rule as autocrats. Democracy is only valuable as an institutional constraint—that is, to build and maintain a limited state with a wide margin of individual liberty. The most serious setbacks for freedom and democracy were the result of war, coups, and attacks on democratic institutions by illiberal incumbents.
Governments used violence and other means to destroy cultures
and change the ethnic composition of populations in 21 countries and
territories, including Ukraine, Ethiopia, and Myanmar.
Modern
democracy leaves individuals powerless before the overwhelming power of a state
claiming to represent everyone. The anti-federalists argued that giving the
federal government, the power to levy taxes risks resulting in tyranny. Compared
to early democracy, modern democracy feels more dictatorial.
Politicians
who aim to consolidate power in the hands of their parties frequently work to
enact changes that would let them rule with the fewest checks possible.
Deterioration of judicial independence
Disempowering or capturing the judiciary is a
key part of those attempts. The attempts to politicize judicial institutions
and undercut the rule of law frequently lead to a deterioration of judicial
independence. The number of nations with declining judicial independence has
stayed at an all-time high.
The
government in Poland has gradually chipped away at the independence of the
judiciary since 2015. It changed the rules governing several courts in a manner
that is designed to give the ruling party more opportunities to appoint judges
and more control over who those judges will be.
During
the pandemic, several Latin American countries have been rocked by conflicts
between judicial institutions, parliaments, and governments, as well as between
legal authorities, legislatures, and governments.
In
Guatemala's flimsy democracy, the pandemic has made the conflicts worse,
putting Guatemala on the verge of a constitutional crisis. The legislature has
tried in various ways to remove the Constitutional Court justices' immunity
from civil lawsuits, prevent their appointment, and impeach them. These
conflicts have severely undermined the capacity of the judiciary to combat
corruption. The country ranks among the top 25% of countries with the highest
levels of corruption in the world.
Even
high-performing democracies in Western Europe have faced challenges ensuring
judicial independence during the pandemic. In Spain, the government initially
passed but then withdrew a bill that would have made the appointment process
for judges easier and subject to less scrutiny.
The American model is no longer perceived as the most successful model of democracy.
The
United States was a strong proponent of democratisation in the 1970s and 1980s.
But democracy promotion had not consistently been a top focus in American
foreign policy. The justification for supporting anti-communist tyrants have
disappeared with the end of the Cold War and the ideological rivalry with the
Soviet Union.
But
it also has diminished the incentives for any substantial American involvement
in the Third World. The American commitment to advancing democracy is not holding
up. On the other hand, the Americans' capacity to do so and its ability to
deploy resources to shape events abroad is now constrained by trade and budget
deficits.
The
nations in Latin America, the Caribbean, Europe, and East Asia that were most
receptive to American influence have, with a few exceptions, already
transitioned to democracy. Africa, the Middle East, and mainland Asia's
autocratic nations are less vulnerable to American influence.
The
people all over the world regards America as a waning power plagued by political
inaction, poor economic performance, and social unrest. Therefore, the
democratic ideals are losing some of their attraction as a result of its
perceived failings.
The
regional powers are establishing the norm in their individual territories,
while the democratic powerhouse US loses influence internationally. It should
come as no surprise that dictatorships are more prevalent in the regions around
Russia, China's frontiers (North Korea, Burma, and Thailand), and the Middle
East, where long-standing authoritarian traditions have, for the most part,
resisted the challenge of public upheavals.
Rising authoritarianism is threating gender equality.
At
a social meeting held in May 2021, Hungary and Poland pushed for the phrase
"gender equality" to be dropped from the EU declaration on fostering
social cohesion post-pandemic.
President
Erdogan withdrew Turkey from the legally obligatory Council of Europe Istanbul
Convention, which addresses violence against women, in March 2021. In 2019,
Hungary did so.
In
an effort to keep women out of politics, the Azerbaijani government has waged a
smear campaign against women's rights activists.
India's
Prime Minister Modi has battled against making marital rape a crime.
Russian
President Vladimir Putin has cut back on a number of domestic violence laws.
Afghanistan’s Taliban regime barred girls from receiving an
education in the midst of an ongoing economic and humanitarian crisis.
Female
Representation
Global
female parliamentary representation remains low, at approximately 26% of total
seats in national legislatures.
Only
six legislatures in the world - New Zealand, Mexico, Nicaragua, Cuba, Rwanda,
and the United Arab Emirates - are made up of more than 50% women, and except
New Zealand, none of them are democracies.
Micronesia,
Papua New Guinea, and Vanuatu are the three countries in the world without
women legislators.
Female
representation in other spheres of public life and in the private sector
globally is even lower, with only 2% of women in the executive branch and only
5% of corporate boards chaired by women.
Acts of sabotage against the democratic system
Black
African men and women in England had COVID-19 death rates that were nearly
twice as high as those of white people.
The
voting and voter registration regulations of various states in the United
States have a disproportionately negative impact on minorities.
In
India, the government has used anti-conversion and anti-cow-slaughter laws to
target Muslims, and sedition and counter-terrorism laws to target academics,
student activists, human rights advocates, and other detractors.
In Britain this year, instead of protecting the right to vote, the
Conservatives have gone out of their way to undermine it. Since they took
power, the number of people who have fallen off the electoral roll has risen to
more than nine million.
Democracy needs public consent to flourish but the Conservatives have
let electoral numbers fall because they know those not registered would be
likely to vote against them. At the same time, they have drawn up a list of
acceptable photo IDs that favours older voters – those more likely to vote
Tory.
The Tories have also put-up new barriers to voting with a law requiring
people to show photo ID at the polling station.
These acts of sabotage against the democratic system will deny millions
a voice.
Who is growth meant to benefit?
Authoritarian
regimes thrive on the narrative that authoritarian governance is more effective
for economic prosperity and development.
The
case of China seems to support such an authoritarian justification. Gross
domestic product is higher in China. Vast internal markets with developed
transportation and communication networks and relatively unrestricted trade are
frequently advantageous to large authoritarian empires.
But
who is growth meant to benefit?
Growth
is worthless as an imperfect gauge of overall welfare if the commodities and
services that make up GDP are produced primarily for the political or
bureaucratic class and aggregated with nonmarket pricing as a weight.
The
kind of prosperity that is promoted by a strong authoritarian state will only
benefit the ruling class and its allied classes. Economic growth satisfies
personal desires only when preferences are freely and impersonally stated on
markets.
Democracy needs new imagination.
History tells us that the so-called democratic political system does not guarantee the improvement of democratic society.
Karl
Mannheim was an advocate of social education (a concept similar to citizenship
education today), which is meant to make the attitudes and behaviours of both
common people and elites more democratic.
Karl
Mannheim, who studied mass society in the age of fascism, worried about an
irrational democracy of emotions.
For Mannheim and some of his contemporaries like John Dewey, B.R. Ambedkar, T.S. Eliot and A.D. Lindsay, democracy is not only a political system but also a way of life.
There must be no obvious inequalities in society for democracy
to function properly. There must not be an oppressed class. There must not be a
suppressed class. In cases of inequity, the intervention of the state is
required.
The right to be treated as an equal must precede the right to
equal treatment as a state policy.
Equality of opportunity is a misleading term. There should be an
opportunity for equality, unalienable rights such as life, liberty, and the
pursuit of happiness.
Democracy, after all, is not merely about elections and their
outcomes. Democracy operates in and through a living world, permeable to
various social forces that constitute what democracy itself comes to mean.
Democracy is an ongoing project. Democracy needs constant institution-building. If
democracy is to thrive in the twenty-first century, it will require imagination
and practical energy. Today, it needs a new institutional imagination.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Comments
Post a Comment